Japan's shipbuilding industry began in the 19th century modern 50's, the rapid development in the First World War. Since 1955, Japan overtook Britain as the world's largest shipbuilding country, has maintained the world's highest level of shipbuilding technology. During World War II and have been subjected to the oil crisis, Japan's shipbuilding industry into a few times though so low, but still nearly half a century has maintained market share leadership.
Japan has a strong shipbuilding capabilities
Shipbuilding industry was one of Japan's major swap, when the shipbuilding industry exports have been the best situation of Japan's exports accounted for 98.6% of the total. In recent years, upgrading the international shipping industry slowdown in the ship, declining demand for new ship construction, ship building and intensifying international competition, the ship's position in Japan's exports declined, exports to Japan accounted for only about 2% of total exports.
Japan's shipbuilding industry constituted by the private sector, is very large, large number of shipyards. The shipyard in Tokyo, Yokohama, Osaka, Kobe and Nagasaki, the center, mainly in the Kyushu, Shikoku and other regions. Most of the world shipbuilding enterprises to small and medium enterprises. The world's major shipbuilding companies around nearly 30, including Japan's Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries, Hitachi Shipbuilding, Mitsui Shipbuilding, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Japan Steel Corporation and Sumitomo Heavy Engineering Co., Ltd. 7 large-scale shipbuilding enterprises, a total of over 20 shipyards. The number of large shipbuilding companies in Japan, while small, shipbuilding capacity, shipbuilding output, output value and number of employees in the industry has always been a major player. In addition to the Japanese steel companies started by other than iron and steel smelting, and the remaining six are gradually developed by the ship building and repairing the integrated enterprise. In 2002, to enhance competitiveness, the Japanese shipbuilding industry would be reorganized into Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Sumitomo Heavy Industries Group and the two nations shipbuilding shipbuilding, IHI Joint Shipbuilding Corporation, Kawasaki Shipbuilding Corporation, Mitsui Shipbuilding four shipbuilding companies, only the total number of Japanese shipyards 3% of GDP, the shipbuilding capacity and industrial production accounted for 50% of Japanese ships over. In addition to these companies outside Japan also has nearly a thousand marine equipment manufacturer. In addition, there are nearly a thousand small-scale factories in Japan, small engine repair and marine electrical installation services. Japanese Ministry of Land, Maritime Bureau recently released data show that Japanese marine accessory products output increased for 5 consecutive years. Of these, 10 000 horsepower and above large marine diesel engines, 1,000 to 10,000 horsepower medium-sized machines, minicomputers 1,000 horsepower increase exceeded 13%.
Japan has a strong shipbuilding capabilities, product range, from all types of cargo ships, passenger ships, oil tankers to the technical complexity of liquid gas vessels are now available. Japanese shipyards in recent years will be a lot of money into R & D (research and development) projects and new production equipment, the expenditure increased year by year business. Medium-sized shipbuilding companies in Japan make extensive use of CAD, CAM and CIMS technology, and to take precision management, the purpose is to ensure product quality, performance, production schedule and reduce costs. A large number of more modern equipment into production. Therefore, rising productivity, a gradual reduction of production costs, financial situation gradually improved, which makes it competitive in the market to a relatively stronger position.
Policy support and strengthen the R & D
Japan Shipbuilding Industry is one of the main reasons, is the Government under the different periods of the situation, formulate relevant policies and measures, You Xiao Di guidance shipbuilding industry. Which including its: shipbuilding facilities handling excess capacity; business combination, implementing group management, readjust and intensify Chanyetizhi; Tedingchuanbo Zhizao Ye stability Shiyexiekuai buy equipment and land to be processed, and incurred thereby for termination payments, redundancy payments and other obligations for guarantees; specific ocean-going vessels for dismantling under the Provisional Measures Act and the subsidy system for ship dismantling, to vigorously promote the ship-breaking; prohibited under the monopoly law, shipbuilding equipment capable of more than 10,000 gross tonnage of the shipbuilding shipyard production be restricted; promote high value-added ships, ship auxiliary equipment, marine equipment, development of new technology and production technology development, and strengthen research development system; promote international coordination, to strengthen the dialogue between the shipbuilding countries, stable shipbuilding market order; to provide export credits, the promotion of the Japanese shipyard shipbuilding, support the shipbuilding industry; on industrial adjustment assistance.
The second reason is that Japan attaches great importance to marine technology and production technology research and development. Japan's National Institute of marine technology research and civil shipbuilding sector also ship their research to be reckoned with. In order to effectively carry out research and development, by the major countries to develop comprehensive research and development program will focus on all aspects of scientific research forces together, and to strong technical force, the core business of power, from industry, academia, and officials to the development. Sources of research funding there are two main aspects: First, the national research priority by the State authority funding; Second, funded by private foundations, and companies.
The third reason is a good historical opportunity. Substantial depreciation of the yen has made Japanese shipbuilding industry to further enhance the competitiveness of the new ship orders sharply. Japan to take this opportunity, for the shipbuilding industry has laid a good foundation. Recently, the "China Special Needs" has greatly contributed to Japan's shipbuilding and maritime industries of the recovery and development. As the Sino-Japanese, Sino-US trade, the rapid increase in capacity in short supply, even the old vessels have become a popular commodity. Japan's shipbuilding and maritime transport industry for 20 years, there has not been any boom. Japan's shipbuilding industry giants to expand production, increase investment. The new investment in equipment and expand production activities of the Japanese economy to reverse the "hollowing out", adds a number of employment opportunities.
Caught in the vicious cycle of declining competitiveness
For a long time, the Japanese shipbuilding industry has always been first in the world. However, the shipbuilding industry is rapidly changing competitive environment. In the medium and investment surplus, boat price drop, market demand, especially large demand for tankers and other large ships updated diminished, the future upgrading of the international shipping industry slowdown in shipping, shipbuilding industry became fierce international competition. Although the quality of shipbuilding technology and ship building in Japan also has the advantage, but in fact the world really has few of the first.
As China and South Korea and other emerging industrial countries to develop the shipbuilding industry, making the Japanese in the international shipbuilding market share is shrinking. South Korea conducted a large-scale equipment investment, scale of facilities than the Japanese, in terms of product quality are comparable with the Japanese evaluation. In addition, China is actively equipment investment, low cost of shipbuilding menacing production factors, competition in the market in small and medium sized vessels pose a threat to Japan; while increasing the cost of the Japanese shipbuilding, shipbuilding growing problem of human aging and can not take low-cost strategy for orders. Should be noted that at present Japan has long lost its leading position in the absolute.
According to the Japanese Shipbuilding Industry Forecast, 2000 to 2010, 10 years, the world shipping market demand will be reduced to 20 million tons, resulting in increased competition, lower prices, ship-building industry will face even greater pressure. In recent years, seven major shipbuilding or integrated shipbuilding enterprise sector are basically operating deficit. Pressure from foreign governments to protest more strongly. The EU has recently proposed that the Japanese government to shipyard export financing, contrary to WTO principles of fair competition. European agreement on the original limited shipbuilding capacity and the shipbuilding output in Japan, affecting the development of the Japanese shipbuilding industry.
Japan's shipbuilding industry half a century, has maintained the world's leading level. More in the manufacturing sector to overseas transfer and loss in competitiveness environment, scale of production decline, industry has hollowed out the tendency of integration of related industries is also causing difficulties to maintain the shipbuilding industry into a vicious cycle of declining competitiveness.
In addition, the "China Special Needs," the negative impact should not be ignored. Since China bought a lot of raw materials, driving up the prices of many raw materials and freight costs, steel prices have reached the highest in 15 years, copper prices increased by 40%, sea-freight rose 6 times for two years. This will greatly increase the cost of manufacturing in Japan, the recovery of the manufacturing sector cast a shadow. Japanese government development policy positioning as a "logistics hub of Northeast Asia countries", the shipbuilding industry has a high degree of centralization trend. In particular, the recent positive development is the major shipyards in China, coupled with cost advantage, planning in the world shipbuilding market share in 2010 to 15%, the future will have serious competition in Japan.
Measures to maintain international competitiveness
In response to fierce competition, the Japanese shipbuilding industry has taken the following measures to maintain its international competitiveness.
1. The government authorities to establish a support system. The development of relevant laws and measures, from the financial and institutional cooperation. Japanese shipbuilding industry to implement large-scale corporate restructuring, creating large companies such as Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, the industry leader, supplemented by the industry structure of SMEs. Expand the production scale, efforts to regain lost market share.
2. To improve the competitiveness of industry, science and technology. To the industrial Ji Chu, Japanese shipbuilding industry to promote information technology, Caiqu environmental measures to increase the development and application of new technologies, Yanjiu next-generation ships; by senior Jineng information, retaining special production skills and production know-how, research skills of heritage policy and education system, promote the production system upgrade. Focus on technology, research and development of high technology, high value-added ships, reduce the normal vessels carry a lower cost and improve profitability.
3. Improve the industrial base. In the medium to long term will take measures to make the Japanese shipbuilding industry from labor-intensive industries to knowledge-intensive industries. Flexible to adapt to the needs of diverse market and create demand; improving production equipment and working environment, reducing excess personnel and equipment, effort to reduce production costs. Achieved by different ship types and specialized production facilities and marine vessel to accelerate the export of components, and vigorously promote the ship and the normalization and standardization of industrial products.
4. Practice management industry groups to promote the development of SME information. After nearly half a century of development, the Japanese shipbuilding industry to build a highly sophisticated trade management system. Have a Japanese ship Standards Association, Japan Shipbuilding Industry, Japan ships with industry associations, the Japanese ship with authority preparedness Association, more than 30 external organizations, responsible for Japan's shipbuilding industry competitive strategy and ship standard (JMS), involved in responding to and handling of WTO, OECD and other international organizations involved in Japan's shipbuilding disputes and third countries to study South Korea, China shipbuilding industry development trends, to undertake research to improve the environment of the new ship orders. Shipbuilding enterprises to promote collaboration, such as the sharing of ship drawings, material deployment of intelligence, common competition for new ship orders, and more.
5. To actively participate in international interaction. Government of Japan to actively participate in international rule-making, in a bid to grasp the increasingly fierce competition initiative. Active in the strategy called for States to limit the shipbuilding capacity in an attempt to push up shipping prices. Promotion of international shipping environment and technological development; promote aging ship dismantling; strengthen cooperation with China, South Korea and other emerging shipbuilding country's exchanges and cooperation, to maintain technology leadership. In recent years South Korea and China, the rapid development of shipbuilding industry, the Japanese have produced a strong sense of crisis. To increase the collection of information on the intensity of China's Shipbuilding Industry, Kawasaki Heavy Industries and other companies started joint ventures with Chinese shipbuilding deal with low-price strategy in China, for overseas investment.
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